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uniform mixture

  • 1 однородная смесь

    Русско-английский автомобильный словарь > однородная смесь

  • 2 смесь

    blend, composition, compound, commixture, mix, mixture, stock резин., temper
    * * *
    смесь ж.
    mixture; (разных сортов вина, табака, чая и т. п. для получения желаемого букета) blend
    азеотро́пная смесь — azeotropic constant [boiling] mixture, azeotrope
    бето́нная смесь — concrete mix
    переме́шивать бето́нную смесь — mix concrete
    придава́ть бето́нной сме́си ну́жную удобоукла́дываемость — make a concrete mix adequately workable
    проекти́ровать бето́нную смесь — design a concrete mix
    составля́ть бето́нную смесь — proportion a concrete mix
    бето́нная, жё́сткая смесь — dry-concrete [low-slump] mix
    бето́нная, подви́жная смесь — high-flow [high-slump] concrete mix
    бето́нная, про́бная смесь — trial concrete mix
    бето́нная, това́рная смесь — plant-mixed concrete
    бето́нная, удобоукла́дываемая смесь — workable concrete mix
    бина́рная смесь — binary mixture
    взрывоопа́сная смесь — explosive mixture
    воспламени́тельная смесь — ignition mixture
    воспламеня́ющаяся смесь — inflammable mixture
    двойна́я смесь — binary mixture
    двухкомпоне́нтная смесь — two-component mixture
    двухфа́зная смесь — two-phase mixture
    смесь для прити́рки кла́панов — valve-grinding compound, valve-grinding paste
    дубя́щая смесь — tanning mixture
    дыха́тельная смесь — breathing mixture
    еди́ная смесь литейн. — unit [system] sand
    жирова́льная смесь — grease mixture
    замора́живающая смесь — freezing mixture
    механи́ческая смесь — mechanical mixture
    набивна́я смесь ( для ремонта подины печи) — rammed [tamped] mix
    намазна́я смесь — lime paste
    насы́щенная смесь — saturated mixture
    неодноро́дная смесь — heterogeneous mixture
    одноро́дная смесь — homogeneous [uniform] mixture
    охлажда́ющая смесь — cooling mixture
    пита́тельная смесь — nutrient mixture
    противоприга́рная смесь — parting sand
    посыпа́ть противоприга́рной сме́сью — dust with parting sand
    рабо́чая смесь двс. — fuel-air charge, (fuel-air) mixture
    воспламеня́ть рабо́чую смесь — ignite the fuel-air charge
    обедня́ть рабо́чую смесь — impoverish [lean, weaken] the mixture
    обогаща́ть рабо́чую смесь — enrich the mixture
    переобогаща́ть рабо́чую смесь — over-rich the mixture
    рабо́чая, бе́дная смесь — lean [rare] mixture
    рабо́чая, бога́тая смесь — rich mixture
    рабо́чая, переобогащё́нная смесь — overrich mixture
    реакцио́нная смесь — reaction mixture
    рези́новая смесь ( исходный материал в технологическом процессе) — (rubber) stock, (rubber) mix
    вводи́ть в рези́новую смесь усили́тель — activate [reinforce] the stock
    вводи́ть в рези́новую смесь ускори́тель — accelerate the stock
    гранули́ровать рези́новую смесь — pelletize the mix
    компаунди́ровать [наполня́ть] рези́новую смесь — compound [load] the mix, compound [load] the stock
    подвулканизи́ровать рези́новую смесь — burn the stock
    приготовля́ть рези́новую смесь на горя́чих вальца́х — hot-mill the stock
    приготовля́ть рези́новую смесь на холо́дных вальца́х — cold-mill the stock
    рези́новая, бесса́жевая смесь — non-black stock
    рези́новая, бре́керная смесь — cushion stock
    рези́новая, ка́бельная смесь — cable stock
    рези́новая, карка́сная смесь — carcass stock
    рези́новая, малонапо́лненная смесь — low-charged stock
    рези́новая, ма́точная смесь — master batch, mother stock
    рези́новая смесь на осно́ве натура́льного каучу́ка — natural rubber stock
    рези́новая, невулканизо́ванная смесь — uncured [green] stock
    рези́новая, невыцвета́ющая смесь — non-blooming stock
    рези́новая, обкла́дочная смесь — skim stock
    рези́новая смесь о́бщего назначе́ния — general-purpose stock
    рези́новая, прома́зочная смесь — friction stock
    рези́новая, просло́ечная смесь — interlayer stock
    рези́новая, проте́кторная смесь — tread stock
    рези́новая, саженапо́лненная смесь — (carbon-)black stock
    рези́новая смесь с больши́м содержа́нием са́жи — high carbon-black stock
    рези́новая, сильнонапо́лненная смесь — heavily compounded [heavy-charged] mix
    рези́новая смесь с пластифика́тором — plasticized stock
    рези́новая, сыра́я смесь — uncured [unvulcanized] stock
    рези́новая, твё́рдая смесь — stiff stock
    рези́новая, ши́нная смесь — tyre stock
    рези́новая, эбони́товая смесь — ebonite stock
    самовоспламеня́ющаяся смесь ракет.hypergolic mixture
    самотверде́ющая смесь литейн.self-hardening sand
    стержнева́я смесь литейн.core sand
    стехиометри́ческая смесь — stoichiometric mixture
    тройна́я смесь — ternary mixture
    формо́вочная смесь — (moulding) sand
    освежа́ть формо́вочную смесь — rebond the (moulding) sand
    разрыхля́ть формо́вочную смесь — aerate [fluff] the (moulding) sand
    формо́вочная смесь пригора́ет к отли́вке — the (moulding) sand burns (fast) to a casting
    формо́вочная, жи́рная смесь — strong (moulding) sand
    формо́вочная, ко́рковая смесь — investment (moulding) compound
    формо́вочная, наполни́тельная смесь — filler (moulding) sand
    формо́вочная, облицо́вочная смесь — facing (moulding) sand
    посыпа́ть моде́ль формо́вочной облицо́вочной сме́сью — shake facing material over the pattern
    формо́вочная, оборо́тная смесь — heap (moulding) sand
    формо́вочная, отрабо́танная смесь — used (moulding) sand
    формо́вочная, свежепригото́вленная смесь — green (moulding) sand
    формо́вочная, то́щая смесь — weak (moulding) sand
    смесь цвето́в — colour mixture
    смесь цвето́в, аддити́вная — additive colour mixture
    смесь цвето́в, субтракти́вная — subtractive colour mixture
    чи́стая смесь — pure mixture
    эвтекти́ческая смесь — eutectic mixture
    эквимоля́рная смесь — equimolar mixture

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > смесь

  • 3 однородная смесь

    Русско-английский научный словарь > однородная смесь

  • 4 Gemisch

    n <tech.allg> ■ mixture; mix coll
    n prakt <kfz.mot> (Kraftstoff-Öl-Gemisch für Zweitakter; 1:50 Öl:Kraftstoff) ■ gas-oil mixture; mixture prakt
    n prakt < mot> ■ air/fuel mixture; A/F mixture; air/fuel mix pract ; fuel/air mixture Ford
    n prakt < mot> (für Zweitakter; z.B. für Rasenmäher, Kettensägen, Mopeds) ■ gas/oil mixture US ; gas/oil mix US.pract ; petroil mixture GB ; petroil mix GB.pract
    n prakt < phys> (im Ggs. zu Gemenge) ■ homogeneous mixture; uniform mixture

    German-english technical dictionary > Gemisch

  • 5 однородная смесь

    1) Medicine: uniform mixture
    2) Engineering: intimate mixture
    3) Chemistry: even blend, uniform mix
    5) Polymers: homogeneous stock

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > однородная смесь

  • 6 гомогенная смесь

    1) Engineering: intimate mixture
    2) Metallurgy: uniform mixture
    4) Polymers: homogeneous stock

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > гомогенная смесь

  • 7 homogenes Gemisch

    n < phys> (im Ggs. zu Gemenge) ■ homogeneous mixture; uniform mixture

    German-english technical dictionary > homogenes Gemisch

  • 8 еднородна смес

    even blend
    even blends
    uniform mixture
    uniform mixtures

    Български-Angleščina политехнически речник > еднородна смес

  • 9 однородная смесь

    Русско-английский словарь по химии > однородная смесь

  • 10 однородный

    Русско-английский научный словарь > однородный

  • 11 homogène

    homogène [ɔmɔʒεn]
    adjective
    * * *
    ɔmɔʒɛn
    1) ( uniforme) homogeneous
    2) ( cohérent) [équipe] united, harmonious; [base] consistent
    * * *
    ɔmɔʒɛn adj
    * * *
    homogène adj
    1 ( uniforme) [groupe, ensemble, mélange] homogeneous;
    2 ( cohérent) [équipe, gouvernement] united, harmonious; [base] consistent.
    [ɔmɔʒɛn] adjectif
    1. [substance, liquide] homogeneous
    2. [gouvernement, classe] uniform, consistent, coherent
    3. CHIMIE & MATHÉMATIQUES homogeneous

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > homogène

  • 12 однородный

    A homogeneous structure (or mixture, etc.)...

    A uniform (or homogeneous) magnetic field...

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > однородный

  • 13 Satz

    Satz m 1. COMP typesetting; 2. FIN, WIWI rate in Sätzen von GEN in sets of
    * * *
    m 1. < Comp> typesetting; 2. <Finanz, Vw> rate ■ in Sätzen von < Geschäft> in sets of
    * * *
    Satz
    für tägliches Geld hinaufsetzen to mark up call money (US)
    (Betrag) amount, rate, (Dokumente) set, file, (drucktechn.) composition, copy, matter, composing, [type]setting, (Garnitur) suite, set, (Gebühr) fee, (festgesetzte Menge) limit, rate, (Preis) price, rate, (Sortiment) assortment, lot, (Waren) lot, parcel, assortment;
    zu einem Satz von 4% at a rate of 4 per cent;
    zu einem bestimmten (festen) Satz at a fixed rate;
    zu einem ermäßigten Satz at a reduced rate;
    zum günstigsten Satz at the best possible rate;
    zum herabgesetzten Satz at a modified rate;
    abgelegter Satz (drucktechn.) dead matter;
    ausgeschlossener Satz (drucktechn.) justified composition;
    druckfertiger Satz (drucktechn.) live matter;
    durchschnittlicher Satz average rate;
    durchschossener Satz (drucktechn.) open matter;
    einheitlicher Satz flat (standard, uniform) rate;
    ermäßigter Satz reduced rate;
    fester Satz (Tarif) fixed price (rate);
    fetter Satz (drucktechn.) heavy-faced type, boldface;
    gemischter Satz (drucktechn.) mixture;
    gesperrter Satz (drucktechn.) open-spaced setting;
    gestaffelter Satz graduated (scale, Br.) rate;
    glatter Satz (drucktechn.) run-on (straight, solid) matter;
    halbfetter Satz (drucktechn.) semi-bold type;
    handelsüblicher Satz normal commercial rate;
    höchster Satz maximum rate;
    kompresser Satz (drucktechn.) solid matter;
    niedriger (niedrig kalkulierter) Satz low rate;
    ortsüblicher Satz local rate;
    perlender Satz (drucktechn.) open-spaced setting;
    schlechter Satz (drucktechn.) lean work;
    stufenförmiger Satz step rate;
    unvollständiger Satz odd set;
    vollständiger Satz (gr.) period;
    vorgeschriebener Satz prescribed rate;
    Satz für briefliche Auszahlung rate for mail transfer (US);
    voller Satz Dokumente full set of documents;
    Satz für tägliches Geld (Tagesgeld) rate on interbank loans, call money rate (Br.);
    Satz für Kabelauszahlungen rate for cable transfers, cable rate;
    vollständiger Satz Konnossemente complete set of bills of lading;
    Satz für Sichtwechsel sight rate;
    Satz Wechsel bills in a set, set of bills of exchange;
    Satz von 5% in Anwendung bringen to apply a rate of 5 per cent;
    bestimmten Satz an Geld pro Tag haben to have a certain travel allowance per diem;
    Satz herabsetzen (Tagesgeld) to mark the rate down;
    Satz für tägliches Geld heraufsetzen to mark up call money (US);
    Satz stehen lassen (drucktechn.) to keep the composition standing;
    Satz spationieren (drucktechn.) to lead out a matter;
    Satzanweisung type layout, composition pattern;
    Satzarbeit job work, composing;
    Satzarbeiten vergeben to farm out composing.

    Business german-english dictionary > Satz

  • 14 सम _sama

    सम a.
    1 Same, identical.
    -2 Equal, as in समलोष्ट- काञ्चनः R.8.21; Pt.2.7; सुखदुःखे समे कृत्वा लाभालाभौ जयाजयौ Bg.2.38; समः शत्रौ च मित्रे च तथा मानापमानयोः । शीतोष्णसुख- दुःखेषु समः संगविवर्जितः ॥ 12.18.
    -3 Like, similar, resem- bling; with instr. or gen. or in comp. गुणयुक्तो दरिद्रो$पि नेश्वरैरगुणैः समः Subhāṣ.; Ku.3.13.
    -4 Even, level, plain; समवेशवर्तिनस्ते न दुरासदो भविष्यति Ś.1.
    -5 Even (as number).
    -6 Impartial, fair; शुनि चैव श्वपाके च पण्डिताः समदर्शिनः Bg.5.18.
    -7 Just, honest, upright.
    -8 Good, virtuous.
    -9 Ordinary, common.
    -1 Mean, middling.
    -11 Straight.
    -12 Suitable, convenient.
    -13 Indiffer- ent, unmoved, unaffected by passion.
    -14 All, every one.
    -15 All, whole, entire, complete.
    -16 Being a pair.
    -17 Regular, normal.
    -18 Middling.
    -19 Easy, conveni- ent.
    -मः 1 N. of certain zodiacal signs (वृष, कर्कट, कन्या, वृश्चिक, मकर, and मीन).
    -2 A mode of measuring time in music.
    -3 The point of intersection of the horizon and the meridian line.
    -4 A kind of straight line placed over a numerical figure to mark the process of extracting the square root.
    -मम् 1 A level plain, flat country; संनिपत्य शनकैरिव निम्नादन्धकारमुदवाप समानि Ki.9. 11.
    -2 (In rhet.) N. of a figure of speech.
    -3 (In geometry) A mean proportional segment.
    -4 Equa- nimity.
    -5 Similarity.
    -6 Settlement; compensation; कर्मणापि समं कुर्याद्धनिकायाधमर्णिकः Ms.8.177.
    -7 Good circumstances; Mk.
    -सम् ind.
    1 With, together with, in company with, accompanied by; (with instr.); आहां निवत्स्यति समं हरिणाङ्गनाभिः Ś.1.26; R.2.25;8.63; 16.72.
    -2 Equally; समं सर्वेषु भूतेषु Bg.13.27.28; यथा सर्वाणि भूतानि धरा धारयते समम् Ms.9.311.
    -3 Like, simi- larly, in the same manner; यत्र स्वामी निर्विशेषं समं मृत्येषु वर्तते Pt.1.78.
    -4 Entirely.
    -5 Simultaneously, all at once, at the same time, together; नवं पयो यत्र धनैर्मया च त्वद्विप्रयोगाश्रु समं विसृष्टम् R.13.26;4.4;1.59;14.1.
    -6 Honestly, fairly.
    -Comp. -अंशः an equal share. ˚हारिन् m. a co-heir.
    -अङ्घ्रिक a. standing evenly on feet.
    -अन्तः a borderer, neighbour.
    -अन्तर a. parallel.
    -अर्थिन् a.
    1 desiring equality.
    -2 Seeking peace with.
    -आकार a. similar, like.
    -आचारः 1 equal or similar conduct.
    -2 Proper practice.
    -आत्मक a. possessing equanimity.
    -उदकम् a mixture of half butter-milk and half water.
    -उपमा a kind of Upamā or simile.
    -कक्ष a. having equal weight. (
    -क्षा) equilibrium.
    -कन्या a fit or suitable girl (fit to be married).
    -कर्णः an equi-diagonal tetragon.
    -कालः the same time or moment. (
    -लम्) ind. at the same time, simultaneously.
    -कालीन a. contemporary, coeval.
    -कोलः a serpent, snake.
    -कोटिक a. of regular size (said of diamonds); Kau. A.2.11.
    -क्षेत्रम् (in astr.) an epithet of a par- ticular arrangement of the Nakṣatras.
    -खातः an equal excavation, a parallelopipedon.
    -गतिः wind; मृत्युश्चापरिहारवान् समगतिः कालेन विच्छेदिना Mb.12.298.45.
    -गन्धकः incense.
    -गन्धिकम् the fragrant root of the Uśīra.
    -चक्रवालम् a circle.
    -चतुरस्र a. square. (
    -स्रम्) an equilateral tetragon.
    -चतुर्भुजः, -जम् a rhom- bus.
    -चित्त a.
    1 even-minded, equable, equani- mous.
    -2 indifferent.
    -छेद, -छेदन a. having the same denominator.
    -जाति a. homogeneous.
    -ज्ञा fame; तिर्य- ञ्चमप्यञ्च मृषानभिज्ञरसज्ञतोपज्ञसमज्ञमज्ञम् N.3.64.
    -त्रिभुजः, -जम् an equilateral triangle.
    -दर्शन, -दर्शिन् a. viewing equally, impartial; विद्याविनयसंपन्ने ब्राह्मणे गवि हस्तनि । शुनि चैव श्वपाके च पण्डिताः समदर्शिनः ॥ Bg.5.18.
    -दुःख a. feeling for another's woe, sympathising (with another); a fel- low-sufferer; Ku.4.4. ˚सुख a. a companion or part- ner in joy and sorrow; पृष्टा जनेन समदुःखसुखेन बाला Ś.3.1.
    -दृश्, -दृष्टि a. impartial.
    -द्वादशास्रः, -स्रम् an equila- teral dodecagon.
    -द्विभुजः a rhomboid.
    -धर्म a. of equal nature, resembling.
    -धृत a. equal to.
    -पदम् 1 an attitude in shooting.
    -2 a particular posture in sexual union.
    -प्रभ a. having equal splendour; तदण्डमभवद्धैमं सह- स्रांशुसमप्रभम् Ms.1.9.
    -बुद्धि a.
    1 impartial.
    -2 indiffe- rent, stoical.
    -भाव a. having the same nature or pro- perty. (
    -वः) sameness, equability.
    -मण्डलम् (in astr.) the prime vertical line.
    -मय a. of like origin.
    -मात्र a. of the same size or measure.
    -मितिः mean measure.
    -रञ्जित a. tinged.
    -रतः, -रभः a particular mode of sexual enjoyment.
    -रेख a. straight; प्रकृत्या यद्वक्रं तदपि समरेखं नयनयोः Ś.1.9.
    -लम्बः, -म्बम् a trapezoid.
    -लेपनी a bricklayer's instrument for levelling a plane (Mar. करणी).
    -वर्ण a. being of equal caste; समवर्णे द्विजातीनां द्वादशैव व्यतिक्रम Ms.8.269.
    -वर्णः community of caste.
    -वर्तिन् a.
    1 equal-minded, impartial.
    -2 being equidis- tant. (-m.) Yāma, the god of death; शासितारं च पापानां पितॄणां समवर्तिनम् Mb.12.27.35.
    -विभक्त a. divided equ- ally; symmetrical.
    -विषमम् (pl.) level and uneven- ground.
    -वृत्तम् 1 an even metre, i. e. a stanza the lines of which have all the same number of feet.
    -2 see सममण्डल.
    -वृत्ति a. equable, fair. (
    -त्तिः) equanimity.
    -वेधः mean depth.
    -वैषम्यतः ind. owing to partial similarity and partial dissimilarity; अर्थे समवैषम्यतो द्रव्य- कर्मणाम् MS.4.1.21.
    -शोधनम् equal subtraction, i. e. subtraction of the same quantity on both sides of an equation.
    -श्रुति a. (in music) having equal intervals.
    -श्रेणिः a straight line.
    -संधिः peace on equal terms.
    -सुप्तिः f. universal sleep (as at the end of a Kalpa).
    -सूत्र, -सूत्रस्य a. situated on the same diameter.
    -स्थ a.
    1 equal, uniform.
    -2 level.
    -3 like.
    -4 being in flourishing circumstances; गतिः पतिः समस्थाया विषमे च पिता गतिः Mb.5.176.8.
    -स्थलम् an even ground.
    -स्थली the level plain, the Doab or country between the Ganges and Yamunā (अन्तर्वेदि).
    -स्थानम् a parti- cular posture in Yoga (In which the legs are closely contracted).

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > सम _sama

  • 15 समान _samāna

    समान a.
    1 Same, one, equal, like, similar; नोप- गच्छेत् प्रमत्तो$पि स्त्रियमार्तवदर्शने । समानशयने चैव न शयीत तया सह ॥ Ms.4.4; भुजे भुजंगेन्द्रसमानसारे R.2.74; समानशीलव्यसनेषु सख्यम् Subhāṣ.
    -2 One, uniform.
    -3 Good, virtuous, just.
    -4 Common, general.
    -5 Honoured.
    -6 Middling, moderate.
    -7 Whole (as a number).
    -नः 1 A friend, an equal.
    -2 One of five life-winds or vital airs, which has its seat in the cavity of the navel and is essential to digestion.
    -3 A letter having the same organ of utterance.
    -नम् ind. Equally with, like (with instr.); जलधरेण समानमुमापतिः Ki.18.4.
    -Comp. -अक्षरम् N. of the vowels अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ॠ, and लृ (opp. संध्यक्षर).
    -अधिकरण a.
    1 having a common substra- tum.
    -2 being in the same category or predicament.
    -3 being in the same case-relation or government (in gram.); तत्पुरुषः समानाधिकरणः कर्मधारयः P.I.2.42. ˚समास The कर्मधारय compound where the expressions are in apposition to one another; समानाधिकरणसमासस्तु बलीयान् । तत्र हि स्वार्थे शब्दौ वृत्तौ भवतः । ŚB. on MS.6.1.51.
    (-णम्) 1 same location or predicament.
    -2 agreement in case, apposition.
    -3 a predicament including several things, a generic property.
    -4 common government.
    -अधिकारः generic characteristic.
    -अभिहारः A mixture of objects of the same kind; व्यवधानात् समानाभिहाराञ्च Sān. K.7.
    -अर्थ a. having the same meaning, synonymous.
    -उदकः a relative connected by the libations of water to the Manes of common ancestors; this relationship extends from the seventh (or eleventh) to the thirteenth (or fourteenth according to some) degree; समानो- दकभावस्तु निवर्तेताचतुर्दशात्; see Ms.5.6 also.
    -उदर्यः a brother of whole blood, uterine brother.
    -उपमा a kind of Upamā; सरूपशब्दवाच्यत्वात् सा समानोपमा यथा । बालेवोद्यान- मालेयं सालकाननशोभिनी ॥ Kāv.2.29.
    - करण a. having the same organ of utterance (said of a sound).
    -कर्तृक a. (in gram.) having the same subject in a sentence.
    -कर्मक a. (in gram.) having the same object; P.111 4.48.
    -काल, -कालीन a. synchronous, simultaneous.
    -क्षेम a. balancing each other.
    -गति a. agreeing to- gether.
    -गोत्र = सगोत्र q. v.
    -जन्मन् a. of equal age; Ms.2.28.
    -दुःख a. sympathiser.
    -धर्मन् a. possess- ed of the same qualities, sympathising, appreciator of merits; उत्पत्स्यते$स्ति मम को$पि समानधर्मा Māl.1.6.
    -प्रतिपत्ति a. of equal intelligence, judicious.
    -मान a. equally honoured with.
    -यमः the same pitch of voice.
    -योगित्वम् being on a par with, being connected in the same way as; एवं द्रव्यैः समानयोगित्वं स्त्रीणाम् ŚB on Ms.6.1.1.
    -रूपा a kind of riddle in which the same words are to be understood in a literal and figurative sense.
    -वयस् a. of the same age.
    -रुचि a. agreeing in tastes.
    -शब्दत्वम् the state of being expressed or referred to by the same term; ऐकशब्द्यात् समानशब्दत्वादित्यर्थः ŚB. on MS.7.1.18.
    -शील a. of a similar disposition; समानशीलव्यसनेषु सख्यम् H.
    -सूत्रनिपाते ind. on the diametrically opposite side.
    -स्थानम् interposition.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > समान _samāna

  • 16 гомогенный

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > гомогенный

  • 17 Goodyear, Charles

    [br]
    b. 29 December 1800 New Haven, Connecticut, USA
    d. 1 July 1860 New York, USA
    [br]
    American inventor of the vulcanization of rubber.
    [br]
    Goodyear entered his father's country hardware business before setting up his own concern in Philadelphia. While visiting New York, he noticed in the window of the Roxburgh India Rubber Company a rubber life-preserver. Goodyear offered to improve its inflating valve, but the manager, impressed with Goodyear's inventiveness, persuaded him to tackle a more urgent problem, that of seeking a means of preventing rubber from becoming tacky and from melting or decomposing when heated. Goodyear tried treatments with one substance after another, without success. In 1838 he started using Nathaniel M.Hayward's process of spreading sulphur on rubber. He accidentally dropped a mass of rubber and sulphur on to a hot stove and noted that the mixture did not melt: Goodyear had discovered the vulcanization of rubber. More experiments were needed to establish the correct proportions for a uniform mix, and eventually he was granted his celebrated patent no. 3633 of 15 June 1844. Goodyear's researches had been conducted against a background of crippling financial difficulties and he was forced to dispose of licences to vulcanize rubber at less than their real value, in order to pay off his most pressing debts.
    Goodyear travelled to Europe in 1851 to extend his patents. To promote his process, he designed a spectacular exhibit for London, consisting of furniture, floor covering, jewellery and other items made of rubber. A similar exhibit in Paris in 1855 won him the Grande Médaille d'honneur and the Croix de la Légion d'honneur from Napoleon III. Patents were granted to him in all countries except England. The improved properties of vulcanized rubber and its stability over a much wider range of temperatures greatly increased its applications; output rose from a meagre 31.5 tonnes a year in 1827 to over 28,000 tonnes by 1900. Even so, Goodyear profited little from his invention, and he bequeathed to his family debts amounting to over $200,000.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Grande Médaille d'honneur 1855. Croix de la Légion d'honneur 1855.
    Bibliography
    15 June 1844, US patent no. 3633 (vulcanization of rubber).
    1853, Gum Elastic and Its Varieties (includes some biographical material).
    Further Reading
    B.K.Pierce, 1866, Trials of an Inventor: Life and Discoveries of Charles Goodyear.
    H.Allen, 1989, Charles Goodyear: An Intimate Biographical Sketch, Akron, Ohio: Goodyear Tire \& Rubber Company.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Goodyear, Charles

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